Hysteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hysteria - Essay Example The hysterical person claims one or more of many difficulties or disorders. These include: complete or partial inability to hear or see, prolonged periods of forgetting (amnesia), inability to sleep or sleep walking (somnambulism), loss of speech (aphoria), trances, muscular habits (spasms tics or tremors) and apparent epileptic seizures (idiopathic epilepsy), conversion hysteria in which metal conflicts re converted into physical symptoms such as paralysis, blindness and anesthesia, the fugus or flight, in which an individual becomes amnesic for personal past and multiple personality, in which individual's personality splits into two or more distinct personalities with dissociation of consciousness. Amnesia is a condition where the person cannot recall certain past experiences of his life. In functional amnesia, there is no brain damage as is found in some other forms. The forgotten material remains inaccessible to the person, but can be restored after treatment. Because the person cannot cope with this threatening material, there is repression so that it can be eliminated from the consciousness. Fugus states are characterized by a general amnesia for the person's entire past, including who he is and where he lived. This is associated with a flight (fugue) where the person wanders away from home and then days, weeks, and sometimes years later, finds himself in a strange place, not knowing how he got there, and not remembering about the period of fugue. In some cases, a person has lived away from his original home for ten or more years, starting a new occupation, building a family, only to "reawaken" later, missing his place of origin. In somnambulism, certain thoughts become so strong during sleep as to determine the person's behavior. The person rises and carries out some act. Like multiple personalities, there is some dissociation of some sub-system within the personality which is expressed during sleep and for which nothing is remembered during the waking state. Multiple personalities are rare. It is as if several parts of personality have not been successfully integrated so they become separated or dissociated from each other and the person frequently shifts from one to the other. There appear to be several complete systems of personality with each system having distinct emotional and thought processes, different from each other. When one personality is free and impulsive, another is inhibited and responsible. In conversion reaction, the person suffers from physical symptoms with o organic basis. It could be in the form of anesthesia (loss of sensitivity of some body part) where the person does not feel any pain or sensation in that part of the body. Diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder as defined in the DSM-IV are as follows: One or more symptoms or deficits are present that affect voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurologic or other general medical condition. Psychologic factors are judged to be associated with the symptom or deficit because conflicts or other stressors precede the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or de

Cross-Cultural Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Cross-Cultural Perspectives Essay Cross-cultural perspectives are just that, an individual perspectives of other another culture in comparison to another. Cola-Cola was created May 8, 1886 by John Pemberton and Jacobs’ Pharmacy was the first place it was served at. In 1906, Coca-Cola expanded to three countries outside the United States. In 1912, they expanded to the Philippines and then to Asia for the first time. In the late 1920’s, Coca-Cola formed a Foreign Department that would supply their concentrate to 10 other countries. Coca-Cola started a couple of bottling operations in India, one at Mehdiganj, Uttar Pradesh in 1999 and another one in 2000 at Plachimada, Kerala. Environmental issues began to surface at these two India locations shortly thereafter. Environmental Issues India has several Coca-Cola bottling operations throughout their country. The two that will be discussed are the ones in Uttar Pradesh and Kerala, in particular. These two plants have similar issues that they are facing, including closure of their operation. If the ISO14001 standard was utilized before and during the operation of these two plants, the outcome would have been considerably different. According to ISO14001:2004 EMS Requirements (2004), â€Å"ISO 14001:2004 is applicable to any organization that wishes to implement, maintain and improve an environmental management system; assure itself of its conformance with its stated environmental policy; demonstrate such conformance to others; seek certification/registration of its environmental management system by an external organization; make a self-determination and self-declaration of conformance with this international standard.† Uttar Pradesh Location The plant in Uttar Pradesh was opened in 1999 and the people were not happy  about it from the beginning. Coca-Cola started proceedings to expand the water table for consumption which ultimately took from the local farms. It was discovered that Coca-Cola also increased their production from what was allowed per their contract from their government which in turn made them use even more water. Locals protested this request plus they also stated that the plant was built on ground that did not belong to them. With this area already considered drought-stricken, Cola-Cola should have taken other measures to obtain the necessary water to run the plant and the right to increase production prior to this dilemma. Morally and ethically speaking, they had the obligation to not harm the people or their environment in any shape, form or fashion while operating their business for profit. If depletion of was not bad enough, the water they used was contaminated and were found in about a dozen of th e finish products that were produced there. Hansia (2014), â€Å"The Center for Science and Environment (CSE) found high levels of toxic pesticides and insecticides, high enough to cause cancer, damage to the nervous and reproductive systems, birth defects and severe disruption of the immune system† (para. 17). They were only fined $2,000 US dollars for the land issues and was ordered to vacate the premises but Coca-Cola obtained a stay order but the National Green Tribunal (NGT) have not allowed them to reopen as of the summer of 2014. However, Coca-Cola was instructed to replenish twice as much water they extracted as part of the ruling, and in 2014, the government made a promise to the local village council that the factory will be demolished because the land belong to them and the construction of the plant was illegal, (Coca-Cola Forced To Close India Bottling Factory Over Excessive Water Use, Pollution, 2014). Kerala Location The Kerala plant started their operation in 2000 but soon came to similar complications as the Uttar Pradesh location encountered in 2004. Due to water depletions, the community is aggressively taking action to have the plant shut down. The liabilities that the legislation is holding Coca-Cola is $47 million for damages caused by the operation of the plant (Coca-Cola Plant Shut Down In India , 2014). Considerably more than Uttar Pradesh imposed previously. Along with having the same water contamination issues, the Kerala plant also had solid waste problems. The company was passing off  the sludge as fertilizer to the farmers which caused environmental and health damages which were most likely included in the liability charges that were imposed. India now accuses Coca-Cola of having double standards were human health is concerned, in comparison to the United States, (Ethical Issues Concerning Coca-Cola In India, 2009). That very well may be an accurate accusation because that would not have happened in the United States. The U.S. environmental rules and regulations are a lot stricter than most countries and are strictly enforced throughout the U.S. Hefty fines are issued when the rules are broken as they are there for the protection of the U.S. environment and the future generations to come. Viable Solution For both locations in reference to the water issue. Further evaluations and consultation with the environment committees would have been beneficial knowing that water is a commodity that is scarce in both regions. Critical thinking into other options in obtaining water such as building traps to collect rain water or recycling the waste water through new technology that has been recently created and tested to be the cleanest water. As far as the solid waste dilemma, find other ways to dispose of it such as other approved locations or disposal plants, if any that it can be taken to or contact renewable energy plants that use bio materials to operate their power plants. If one does not exist, explore the opportunities to create one for renewable energy for the Coca-Cola plant itself. Conclusion In spite of the water/beverage contamination, solid waste problems and the two closures discussed previously that Coca-Cola had endured, they are known around the world as the top leading soft drink. Cola-Cola needs to align the ethics and morals of the operations in the United States with those of other countries in order to get and maintain the status that all their stockholders would be proud of. The communities would actually invite the company to open an operation in their region because they would know that their environment would advance and improve along with the well-being of the people of that community. Coca-Cola should have embraced overseas countries as if it were in their own backyard. References Coca-Cola forced to close India bottling factory over excessive water use, pollution. (2014). Retrieved from http://rt.com/news/167012-coca-cola-factory-closed-india/ Coca-Cola Plant Shut Down in India. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.indiaresource.org/news/2014/1020.html Ethical issues concerning Coca-Cola in India. (2009). Retrieved from http://imaginecorporation.blogspot.in/2009/08/ethical-issues-concerning-coca-cola-in.html Hansia, F. (2014). Coca-Cola Forced To Shut Bottling Plant in India. Retrieved from http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15963 ISO 14001:2004 EMS Requirements. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.itgovernanceusa.com/shop/p-644-iso14001-iso-14001-ems-requirements.aspx?gclid=CLqom7Gt6MMCFYeTfgodzVAAUw#.VOLgEvmAEbI

states and power in africa Essay -- essays research papers

We must understand the differences in the African and European political experience in order to understand the difficulties faced by African leaders. In Herbst’s book States and Power in Africa, First I will give an overview of the differences between the African and European advances toward becoming a nation state. Next the reasons why these differences are important to understanding the difficulties faced by African leaders will be discussed. Finally I will give an overview of possible alternatives to the current system of states in Africa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In States and Power in Africa Herbst shows us several differences between   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to look at why Herbst’s analysis of Africa’s and Europe’s political differences gives us many reasons that go toward the explaining African leader’s political difficulties. One of Herbst’s overall arguments is that the colonization of Africa by Europe is not solely responsible for their self destructive systems of government. He would like others studying comparative politics to understand that many of the pre-colonial social and political norms as well as post-colonial observance of the forced state system have also contributed to Africa’s current problems. Herbst’s shows us that it is important to look beyond the predetermined political geography as set forth at the Berlin Conference as the sole reason for African leader’s difficulty in broadcasting power. To counter this argument Her...

The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence    Everyday, a child witnesses an act of violence. Not on television but in their own home. "Family and home are not havens in which a child finds nurturing and safety, but rather a battleground where fear, anxiety, confusion, anger, and disruption are significant threads in the tapestry of home life," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Children of family violence are often abusers or victims of abuse themselves. Family violence is a cycle that is very hard to stop. A home is supposed to be a safe place where children learn how to love and relate to others. If they are constantly seeing violence in their parent's relationship, then they assume that a normal relationship is also filled with violence. Often, children do not understand why the violence occurs and may be afraid to share their emotions because of fear. They may associate love and pain together, because this is witnessed in their home. This could lead to psychological problems and confusion about relationshi ps. Children who witness family violence tend to have behavioral, interpersonal, and emotional problems. Some of the behavioral problems children of family violence suffer from are aggression, withdrawal, and frustration. Children of family violence are often more violent than other children (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Some stress management techniques that children learn are bursts of anger. Violence is learned as an efficient way to solve problems. They often model their parent's conflict resolution techniques. These children are often withdrawn and internalize their emotions. Most of these children are isolated from their peers. Frequent change of residence could be a cause of children's isolation from peers (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Children of family violence are often frustrated because they can not deal with their problems. Often, their education is disrupted by family violence and they start having problems concentrating at school and with truancy. Most are underachievers as a result of low self-esteem which leads to low pa rticipation in class or other school activities (Children's Services Plan). Children of family violence also have many interpersonal problems. They usually assume the victim role. Weak and unhealthy relationships are frequent in adults that grew up in violent homes. Children of family violence have trouble forming intimate relationships and have problems understanding others emotions. (Berry 105). "Each year, millions of children witness their mothers being emotionally abused, physically battered, even sexually assaulted by their fathers or other men in the home" (Berry 104). The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence :: Expository Cause Effect Essays The Effect of Family Violence on Youth Violence    Everyday, a child witnesses an act of violence. Not on television but in their own home. "Family and home are not havens in which a child finds nurturing and safety, but rather a battleground where fear, anxiety, confusion, anger, and disruption are significant threads in the tapestry of home life," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. Children of family violence are often abusers or victims of abuse themselves. Family violence is a cycle that is very hard to stop. A home is supposed to be a safe place where children learn how to love and relate to others. If they are constantly seeing violence in their parent's relationship, then they assume that a normal relationship is also filled with violence. Often, children do not understand why the violence occurs and may be afraid to share their emotions because of fear. They may associate love and pain together, because this is witnessed in their home. This could lead to psychological problems and confusion about relationshi ps. Children who witness family violence tend to have behavioral, interpersonal, and emotional problems. Some of the behavioral problems children of family violence suffer from are aggression, withdrawal, and frustration. Children of family violence are often more violent than other children (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Some stress management techniques that children learn are bursts of anger. Violence is learned as an efficient way to solve problems. They often model their parent's conflict resolution techniques. These children are often withdrawn and internalize their emotions. Most of these children are isolated from their peers. Frequent change of residence could be a cause of children's isolation from peers (Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing). Children of family violence are often frustrated because they can not deal with their problems. Often, their education is disrupted by family violence and they start having problems concentrating at school and with truancy. Most are underachievers as a result of low self-esteem which leads to low pa rticipation in class or other school activities (Children's Services Plan). Children of family violence also have many interpersonal problems. They usually assume the victim role. Weak and unhealthy relationships are frequent in adults that grew up in violent homes. Children of family violence have trouble forming intimate relationships and have problems understanding others emotions. (Berry 105). "Each year, millions of children witness their mothers being emotionally abused, physically battered, even sexually assaulted by their fathers or other men in the home" (Berry 104).

The Shallows Essay

He notices himself jump around a lot more than before and feels that it is becoming more and more apparent to the people he discusses his issues with. The main thing noticed that the author speaks of is although that we become more distracted and lose more of our deep thoughts as technologies change, but overall we are gaining more information since the internet is changing the way we think. It used to be before that there were libraries where you went to go study and read, but now the books online and Google have transcended to be able to find information faster, therefore seeing and learning more.Carr provides much info on different studies and experiments on how the human brain works regarding plasticity and how the human brain winks. The author points out that before the world wide web that the art of book writing was mulch more powerful, and it seems from his point five;u that he enjoyed the books more when people were actually writing by hand as opposed to typing books on compu ters now. From my perception he points out that older generations before new technological advances were prone to know more about one specific issue/item and were able to use deep reading to be empowered.Nowadays, the technology has kept our minds â€Å"distracted† and moving faster to see information more quickly as opposed to re-internet days since the information is readily available. He does a good providing the IQ test example where he states that we aren't smarter than our parents, but we're smart in different ways due to these technological advances, and the resources available compared to earlier generations. Analysis of The Shallows This book opened up my mind quite a bit and made me sit back and realize how Carts points are actually what I feel the majority of the time.I see every day how technology has changed the world and also how the way we think. It is obvious to see in the workplace and just in life that the newer generations finitely have more technological k nowledge than earlier generations. For example, a couple months ago my mother bought her first phone and she wanted me to show her how to operate and use the phone. I was far ahead Of her in the technology sense Of things, and it seems apparent that earlier generations try to avoid dealing with the new technological advances.It surprises me how many earlier generations stick with their â€Å"old school† phones just because they don't want to bother having to learn all that the phone does, and mostly because they despise of it as well. What was once a Barry full of books in primary/secondary schools has now transcended to everything being electronic due to the ever-changing technology and cost savings of not having to buy the books and storing them in the library, as well as hiring librarians to operate the facility.Also, the way we use to study and write papers has completely transcended to online capabilities in order to get whatever we need accomplished. I can't remember th e last time I have been to a library to gather information from credible sources such as encyclopedias, newspapers, articles, etc. It is essentially non-existent now u to the power of the internet. Personally, I agree with Carr and how the internet/technology has created basically a â€Å"scattered† brain and has completely changed the way we think. Member when was elementary/ middle school/high school and we did everything on the chalk board, wrote everything on notebook paper, and read hardback books. I felt like everything was a little bit easier to absorb and I think it was due to there being no distractions of technology. Not only was more focused in the material that I was learning but I felt the â€Å"deep thought† senses that Carr describes in the book. Even now in grad school, we are leaning away from the classic hardback books, and moving towards e-books on the Kindle that Carr talks about as well in the book.We have received one hardback book so far out of t he many classes we've taken thus far, and that could be due to the fact that it was accounting, but the rest have been via kindle. Of course see this transition more of a cost savings more than anything, but the ability to do this is due technological advances. I feel like it is easier and I feel more focused learning on a hardback book as opposed to looking at a screen. Even maneuvering around on kindle makes it a hassle and not as easy to find the info you are looking for is a huge reason why prefer the hardback book.It is much easier to physically flip through pages to get to the page you want. Also, highlighting, taking notes, putting sticky notes in the hardback book makes it much easier to study and remember where all your important info is for that specific book/class. What is funny is even as type this paper I feel the need to take more breaks, and the comical part is I picked up my phone to check my email as soon as I took a break. Personally, I think a huge part of castrat ions has to do with just people being so busy because of technology and the ability to check your phones, computers, etc. ND know you have a schedule filled. In earlier generations before technology' it took quite a while to relay information so the day to day life was much simpler per say. One chapter that stuck out to me was the Google chapter. Carr argues that Google is a huge distraction and basically in the business of distraction, and agree 100% with him. Even though the first thing people say when they are looking for something is â€Å"Google it†, Google definitely uses many distractions such as pop ups and advertisements to sway people to become distracted from their original destination.Major game changers regarding the internet are Twitter and Backbone. These social media platforms have completely changed the way people think, more so Twitter in my opinion. Find myself throughout the day checking Twitter every hour or so just to keep in the loop with all the news g oing on in the World, financial advice, sports, etc. I use this platform as opposed to sitting down and reading through a newspaper. Not only does it take more time to sit down and read a newspaper, it doesn't roved as much information that Twitter can.I have absolutely everything I need on my Twitter as far as the people/businesses that I follow and always seem to have the information faster than most people. Twitter has changed the world in how fast information is revealed, but again is a distraction as well. The ease of bringing up Twitter on any electronic device distracts you from your main goal at any given time. Backbone is a different type of social media that provides more of a social platform as far as knowing what other friends are doing at any given time. Ink this is more of a distraction than anything, but they are starting to move towards providing news updates as well. The way portray Backbone is if I see someone online at work then it is more of a playing around on t he internet talking/seeing what friends are up to. When I see Twitter, me personally, I feel it is more news based to gather info that you are interested in. Realizing the way we think currently and how we have changed due to technological advances will make me more aware Of situations in the workplace. Notice this daily just because of the fact that we conduct equines strictly via computer and internet now.It used to be that a trade floor would deal with trades manually and over the phone as well. Now traders use instant messaging and online trading platforms to conduct business, which makes it more efficient but at the same time is completely different than earlier business. Instant messaging allows me to be more productive when dealing with counterparts because you can be dealing with multiple customers at one time, rather than picking up the phone and talking to each one. At the same time instant messaging is a distraction in the sense f customers knowing that you are online and are able to IM you at any time.Many times I get Aim's when I am in the middle of completing daily work that needs to be done so have to stop what I'm doing to answer customer's questions since customer service is our top priority. Another place you see distraction a lot is in meetings and people with their cell phones. Probably the worst thing you can see in a meeting is people just scrolling on their phone while an important meeting is taking place. This is an area where technological advances hurt employees thinking and focus while in a meeting Hereford it has led me to keep my cell phone on silent and in my pocket during any meeting.

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay Research Paper Example

Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay Research Paper Example Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay Paper Literature Review About Management Information Systems Management Essay Paper In this chapter all of the constructs, theories and methods that are related with the direction Information system such as system, information system and MIS will be discussed. The construct of educational direction system is besides good presented. In other subdivisions the construct of EMIS will be considered in the universe by particularly concentrating this construct in Pakistan will be discussed. In concluding subdivisions of this chapter EMIS of COMSTAS institutes of information engineering will be discussed. This information will be so act as guideline to analyse the empirical findings of primary informations. 2.1 Management Information system There have been legion sorts of systems that have been developed over the past several old ages. These information systems had helped to carry through the demands and demands of determination doing non merely at managerial but besides at the operational degree. Every organisation develops its ain direction information system ( MIS ) which is wholly dependent on the personal demands of the organisations. Management information system developed for one organisation is useless for other organisations with different demands ( Cassidy and Cresswell, 1997 ) . In the direction information system, non merely the system itself is of import but to acquire the maximal advantages from the system it is of import that the human intelligence, perceptual experience and judgement must be powerful and strong plenty to acquire combined with the system information ( Thierauf 1984 ) . This combination will supply directors with the unique and valuable tool for the information direction in any company ( C assidy and Cresswell, 1997 ) . 2.1.1 What is a system? The system is capable of change overing the collected information from the everyday user and machine interactions in to the effectual information which subsequently on is used by the determination shapers to do efficient determinations. In the direction information system, the most of import entity is system itself which is set of defined and interconnected constituents which are by and large described as all of the direct or indirect complex constituents or elements that are related in a insouciant web. Within any peculiar clip period, all of these complex constituents are related in more or less stable manner with at least some other constituents ( Thierauf 1984 ) . So a well developed and synergistic system is one which provides best and utile information to the directors at all degrees. 2.1.2 Information system? The best system is one that provides utile information and user interaction at all degrees. An information system is a aggregation of activities, processs, methods, engineering and peoples that are organized to acquire the valuable related informations and information. This system must besides be able to hive away this information until it is required by the user. It should be capable of informations processing and reacting to its terminal user by supplying the replies to all set of questions. Information systems should outdo interacts and communicates with the terminal user In order to supply the accurate required information ( Knight A ; Silk, 1990 ) . 2.1.3 Management Information System The information system which is composed of formalistic processs that can supply all of the relevant appropriate information at all degrees to all of the directors is called direction information system ( MIS ) . This system uses all of the internal and external resources to supply informations and information to the terminal users which enable them to take timely determinations that are effectual from the directing, planning and commanding point of position. As a whole this is an efficient system that can supply all of the needed information to the direction at all degrees at appropriate times. Management information system is fundamentally an affectional combination of human and engineering resources that consequences in informations storage, aggregation, and communicating, informations retrieval and use. In managerial operations and concern planning, these MIS systems play a critical function in concern success ( Lucey, 1989 ) . In literature, there are several definitions of the direction information systems ( Lucey, 1989, Thierauf, 1984 ) . The system is capable of change overing the collected information from the everyday user and machine interactions in to the effectual information which subsequently on is used by the determination shapers to do efficient determinations. The specialised systems that are being used for determination devising for the direction at all degrees are by and large known as direction information systems ( Thierauf, 1984 ) . Information systems are of important importance in any type of organisation, by and large, it is truly impossible for any organisation to run without any kind of information system. These information systems are developed by concentrating the demands and demands of the peculiar organisation which are alone for every other organisation. In the early 1960 s, the importance of system interior decorators and decision makers gained much importance and attending. In an organisation, at the administrative degree, direction information systems are composed up of the human and machine combination that are used to carry through the information demands at these degrees. In really big organisations, these MIS are besides a combination of many interconnected bomber systems which are sharing the same resources for informations and processing. While discoursing the construct of MIS in an organisation, this activity is considered merely as a portion of all of the other on-going activities. This MIS activity is of import because it equips the top direction with all of the information about the lower direction and maintains a uninterrupted flow of information throughout the organisation. MIS system besides facilitates the proprietors of the organisations with the general information about the organisation. The chief advantage of MIS system in an organisation is to keep appropriate information flow that can be achieved by spliting organisations in to different sub systems with some integrated and alone maps. This map integrating of the bomber system must be much efficient to do the whole organisation as an affectional MIS system. By following this attack, every bit shortly as all of the demands of the sub systems are achieved, all of the demands of the organisation are achieved. In literature, there are many features discussed for an effectual MIS system ( Cassidy and Creswell, 1997 ) . Some of them are listed below: MIS system should be composed of incorporate sub systems with the ability of forward and backward looking systems. MIS system should be capable of planning and commanding the clearly defined concern activities. MIS system should be capable of bring forthing the studies that can assist the direction at all degree in planning and commanding all of their current and expected concern activities. MIS system should be able to recover the information about the operations control at appropriate clip and should let the transactional information processing. For the timely response, MIS system should hold the batch processing every bit good as synergistic operational manners. In order to hive away the informations that is being often accessed, MIS system should utilize all of the information protection processs that can guarantee to authorise user in more protective manner. In order to pull out the comparative information rapidly, MIS system should hold appropriate informations storage medium like random or direct entree storage. In order to bring forth the meaningful and affectional end product for the on-going control operations, MIS system should enable the criterion and usage made theoretical account that must hold the storage medium for the online informations. 2.2 Educational Management Information System The revolution in the information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) has greatly influenced the life manner of whole universe. Over the past several old ages, ICT substructure is considered as a symbol for a state s development. In every manner of life, there is a critical function of these Information and Communication Technologies ( ICTs ) by all agencies to better the quality, standardising the different stakeholders function and leaving the operating processs ( Ed Crowley, 2003 ) . ICTs has a proved function in the field of medical, concern, industry, amusement, communications but now these engineerings has emerging efficient function in instruction field. In developing states, particularly like Pakistan instruction sector is one of the nucleus countries that require more attending for the state s rapid development. The end of every educational institute is to supply the quality instruction to all of its pupils. In these institutes direction at all degree uninterrupted strives to accomplish this aimed end. Universities are engaging extremely qualified professors and fiting their scientific research labs with latest equipments, adding new engineerings and books to their libraries. In these educational institutes the construct of digital libraries is besides introduced, in schoolrooms multimedia undertakings are installed. The construct of distant acquisition, different tutorials like web and disc based every bit good as the construct of audio and ocular informat ions to assistance talks is introduced in these institutes. In short, ICTs have played a major important function for knowledge airing among assorted groups in these educational institutes. In order to acquire the maximal benefits of the available installations of hardware and package, it is non adequate to merely linking the research labs with the cyberspace installation but there is batch more in to this. This type of human attitude towards the computing machine resources propose that there is ever a demand for some educational intercession to acquire the possible benefits. The better use of information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) can be attained by pedagogic intercessions ( Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006 ) . As the issues raises, it starts making interesting chances for the persons and organisations for bettering the persons comprehensibility and accomplishments. From the educational point of position, it is believed that when the persons understanding is challenged and they receive any kind of rational or practical support so their productive and originative endowments are used which can besides be enhanced ( Jorge Ferreira Franco et all, 2006 ) . In all this competitory ICTs equipped educational institutes there is much more than the quality instruction that is expected by the pupils. Students need choice service in all of the needed information that is required by them. In order to show their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours jobs, pupils needs environment that can ease them in every manner. Different higher educational institutes are continuously endeavoring to accomplish this mark. For illustration when a pupil necessitate his transcripts after classs finalisation so it can take more than a month clip when there is conventional system installed in educational institutes. It can take more clip because of the limited figure of moving staff members that are covering with the consequences and transcripts publishing procedure. There are many other day-to-day issues that can originate every twenty-four hours and this limited figure of staff will non be able to motivate outright to all of the pupils. In order to manage such feverish modus operandi universities used to employee more employees but as its known that increasing manpower can neer work out the job so another solution is required that can get by up with all such issues. There are many activities that can non be handled with simple processing applications and they are besides much clip devouring but these are simple procedures like admittance, enrollment, conductivity of scrutiny, maintaining path of the employees and pupils and pull offing both employees and pupils histories ( Marlon Pierce et all, 2002 ) . In order to pull off 1000s of its pupils and employees the best effectual manner is to utilize the information and communicating engineerings in more efficient manner. Educational direction system ( EMIS ) is an illustration of such an information system that has been developed over past several old ages to acquire the maximal benefits from the human and machine interaction to bring forth the appropriate information. This construct of EMIS has been imported from the concern universe which represents a system for information processing for educational direction. This system is non developed to replace the statistics based system and this system itself is non a statistical system. This system has been developed to manage all informations types which may be statistical in nature. An important professional is required to develop this information as dependable, verified, important and professionally trained. This authorization must be professional and independent entity that must be acceptable by all of the other users in an organisation. When an information system is being developed so it is really much necessary to acquire the exact and dependable sta tistics before this system acquire applied to any kind of direction. Information systems are ever designed to treat valid informations into information non the refuse informations. In educational direction systems, these information systems should turn to both of the direction and statistics in more efficient manner and should bring forth information in an affectional format. In literature, there are many definitions and descriptions about the EMIS systems as its being developed over the past several old ages ( EPRD, 1997 ) . Educational direction system is a formalistic aggregation of the operational processs, procedures and common understanding that are integrated in such a manner that it can bring forth utile information and information for the educational institutes and all of related entities like instructors, pupils and other direction at all degrees. All of the informations relevant to the concerned entities is aggregated, collected and organized, managed and processed which is so disseminated across the organisation and is used by the concerned governments and direction at all degrees to take the good determinations for the educational institutes ( EPRD, 1997 ) . EMIS contains all of the relevant information that is required by the educational directors at all degrees to back up all of their activities. EMIS systems ever responds to the consumers for the affectional information and serves the demands of terminal users, therefore it can be said that these information systems are functioning on the footing of demand response methodological analysis. In order to acquire the maximal benefits out of this information system it is really much necessary that the procedure concatenation of information direction and in the dealing between the terminal users demand of information and the system response of information bringing, all of the statistics must be updated and reviewed decently. If this whole concatenation of information direction is non decently maintained so there will be no meaningful information from the informations collection and processing. The system integrating is besides much of import in EMIS to acquire the best possible result from the system because if there will be any job with the system integrating it will consequences in irrelevant information bringing that will do w hole EMIS as an irrelevant system. In order to work these EMIS systems up to dated, it is necessary to carry on clients studies. These studies will assist the educational institutes to get by up with all of the freshly raised demands and so it will give up dated response to its consumers. These studies will besides assist to calculate out the demands of manufacturers and will bring forth a user friendly and explainable services and merchandises consequently. Educational institutes should besides make general consciousness among the users about the advantages of these EMIS systems that can supply information for determination devising. In order to avoid a entire system loss, it is really much of import that these EMIS systems should be self sustainable and they must hold a dorsum up even if maestro system will neglect to carry through the demands of all of its terminal users. At the really earlier phase of system development it is of import to develop the single entities but at the ulterior phase of capacity edifice this preparation is non of much importance. EMIS systems have been employed in many different states as a large success and there these systems have provided support services and capacity edifice to the distributed every bit good as the decentralised statistical maps. There are many specialised maps needed for the EMIS development such as puting the criterions, development of application package, quality control, supplying proficient aid and preparation services every bit good as organizing one-year statistics production. System integrating is an of import measure in EMIS development because all of the loose parts will be combined expeditiously can develop an affectional system end product. Quality control is besides of much significance because it can guarantee quality cheques at all degrees. In educational institutes, an effectual and efficient information direction system that should assist direction at all degree for planning, policy devising, and direction can be developed by following common informations aggregation instruments, by developing informations processing package and by following all of the processs for quality control and confidence. Such a developed system can guarantee the effectual public presentation of all of the statistical maps in the institutes. The procedures of informations aggregations its entry and confirmation are all really near to the beginning. This information is so transmitted as an electronic transcript all around the institute. At every degree of direction, this information is analyzed on the footing of the users demands which guarantee the minimisation of incompatibility and undertaking duplicates. Such a system besides ensures the quality, dependability, informations cogency and effectivity every bit good as the terminal users sati sfaction at all degrees. 2.3 EMIS in World As discussed above that the construct of educational direction information system ( EMIS ) has been adopted by many developed and developing states over the past several old ages. In some of the states, this technique has failed because of disregarding many of import entities and critical processs that were necessary to follow in order to guarantee its success. In these states, these EMIS were non large success because they forgot that following a new proficient name, obtaining financess and grants and improper system version neer guarantee the version of new engineering. In developing states there are some tendencies listed for increasing the demand for EMIS ( Chapman, 1990 ) . They are: Explosive growing of Educational System This is the foremost and of import tendency that pressurized the developing states to do them follow EMIS systems. This tendency will reflect the growing of population which subsequently will demo the increased rate of engagement. It besides puts the force per unit area on the instruction stuffs and on the judicial admission of the qualified instructors and staff. This explosive growing later limited the development of the educational resources and caused the diminution in instruction quality in these developing states ( Chapman A ; Mahlck, 1993 ) . Increased Complexity of Educational System As the educational system has grown explosively in the development states, it besides consequences in its complexness. Educational ministry has pursued multiple objective so many different and new class works has been under taken so that instruction quality can be improved. Increased Fiscal Pressure Many authoritiess are sing the increased fiscal force per unit area so they need to follow those resource allotment processs that are efficient in longer tally. International Funding In order to pull international support bureaus in the country of instruction, it is necessary to supply them with the quantitative informations that must demo the success and advancement of the educational undertakings. These bureaus are supercharging the development states so that they can besides warrant their ain answerability. In developing states, they are financing merely when they get accurate statistics and informations that can measure their funded undertakings so they require rigorous answerability. Low Cost Information Technology As engineering is progressing so it is available at really low cost. In these developing states, big informations sum is being handled by utilizing the low cost advanced information engineering. All around the universe, there are policies of different organisations to better the educational systems. UNESCO is besides one of the organisations that has strategic aims in the field of instruction with their clear policy of bettering the quality of instruction. This policy includes the docket of bettering educational quality through variegation of methods and content, diffusion, experimentation publicity, duologue, by following best patterns, invention and by information sharing. Information and engineering promotion has put the force per unit area all around the Earth to follow these ICTs in their educational system and tech them to the pupils. This acquisition of advanced ICTs is really of import to get by up with the challenges of twenty-first century. UNESCO, in its World educational study discussed some of the cardinal deductions that ICTs have for the conventional acquisition and instruction ( UNESCO World Education Report, 1998 ) . In order to run into all of the demands t hat are must for the integrating of these ICTs in the conventional systems there are some models proposed in different publications ( UNESCO World Education Report, 2002 ) . These are cardinal demands that are identified as the of import schemes for the instructor instruction, for pull offing the alteration procedure in acquisition, for pull offing alteration procedure in following and integrating of these ICTs. Technology has become a accelerator that is transforming the acquisition and whole instruction systems ( UNESCO World Education Report, 1998 ) . Different multimedia undertakings have been employed that are utilizing the information visual image techniques and are good for the citizens of the far distant states. In this manner, pupils from the distant states are besides larning new engineerings. These multimedia applications are besides installed in schools so that pupils can larn new engineerings at the really basic school degree. This helped the school community to research both the existent and practical engineerings within the context information and by utilizing the synergistic envisioned systems ( John P. Dougherty et all, 2002 ) . In footings of information engineering ( IT ) , there have been significant treatments for the readying of the work force that can work globally. In developing states, still there are limited resources along with the limited figure of professionals that can do best usage of this IT so the promise to increase the productiveness in educational system by the usage of IT is still on clasp. In order to win at any degree of life, it is now a must to integrate these IT in their callings so that the rapid alteration of the universe can be handled ( John P. Dougherty et all, 2002 ) . All around the universe, these EMIS started as a consequence of the single research undertakings or as an advanced thought that has been initiated by academic persons by taking hazards that result in the development of the web based enterprises which were non a complete system. On the other manus, there are now many complete systems that are good planned, institutionally comprehensive and consistently integrated ( JC Taylor, 2001 ) . For illustration, at the University of Southern Queensland, where there is history of distant acquisition for about 25years, there the transmutation to the IT environment was a natural measure. The organisation itself as a whole adopted this new move instead than by merely following by some persons. They adopted the web based information and communications engineerings at universities and reflect on component of the corporate mission statement i.e. To be a leader in flexible acquisition and the usage of information and communications engineerings ( JC Taylor, 2001 ) . The word portal has gained much attending in past several old ages which means door entryway or gate ( Winston Dictionar, 2009 ) . In higher educational systems, it is hard and hazardous but is necessary to develop a portal so that the educational system can vie and recognize the importance of ICTs. In this manner, universities and colleges can acquire a really clear thought about the benefits of puting on to the endeavor systems, informations warehouses and in other information services. By developing their ain portals, educational institutes can incorporate services, information and other substructure so that unvarying information will flux all around the institute. It s a large challenge to integrate higher instruction and engineering, same is the instance with portal scheme but the consequence is ever good to the organisation. 2.4 EMIS in Pakistan EMIS is non a new field of survey, but as we see that now it is having more importance around the Earth. But in Pakistan in past few decennaries EMIS research encircle Basic A ; Primary instruction System but my research on EMIS in HE of Pakistan is wholly new country of research for Pakistan. Besides the Educational Organizations are larning new methods of heightening the efficiency of their organisations, separately and as a whole as a group. In Pakistan, many reforms have been made after the constitution of the Higher Education Commission ( HEC ) . These reforms target the betterment of the quality of the instruction every bit good as to bring forth more resources for the growing of instruction in the higher instruction in the state. In Pakistan, the most recent tendency is to better the procedures and resources in the universities. In these yearss, Engineering and Technology plans has created a large ballyhoo so bulk of the pupils are taking admittance in these countries. Higher Education Commission ( HEC ) every bit good as Pakistan Engineering Council ( PEC ) has set certain critera that universities need to carry through before offering admittances to pupils in these countries. This critera required the handiness of work force, certain substructure, extremely qualified staff, good equipt labs, and quality instruction procedure. In order to bring forth extremely qualified and trained staff, HEC is offering certain sch olarship and support strategies so that more qualified work force can be produced. 2.5 COMSATAS Institutes of Technology 2.5.1 EMIS in COMSATAS Institutes of Technology In order to standardise the universities much attending is driven to the version of new engineerings every bit good as towards the substructure development and betterment of the operating processs. The standard of HEC for the higher instruction establishments is really rigorous and is based on resource numeration, aggregation of public presentation informations and aggregation of all of the corresponding ratios which are in underside up manners until the concluding studies are generated. This rating standard demands the single appraisal system for each section in the university so that independent and choice information can be elaborated. This whole procedure will ensue in heightening the quality of different operating processs and procedures that are being exercised in the institute and will consequences in heightening the university ranking. There are many ways by which this feedback cringle can be achieved in the higher educational establishments. It is possible that certain studies and indexs may be widely available all around the campus every bit shortly as they are generated so that effectual information is readily available. At assorted determination devising points, the cardinal forces can take immediate disciplinary action when required by merely maintaining a crisp oculus on these studies. This is important in a manner that it will increase the consciousness in the whole academic community. Whenever disposal decides for any needed alteration so all of the standard steps can be taken. The possible step that can increase the dependability of the feedback cringle is to do certain that all of the relevant elements in the institutional information system are readily available. By following this technique, all of the entities will be for good connected and consulted the information all around the institute. Other step that can be adopted is that all of the old pattern that are being performed at different sections can be refined. This procedure of polish needs the experience that has already accumulated and it can besides take into history the suggestions by all of its users or the involved entities. The purpose for the development of the EMIS for COMSATS IIT was to polish most of the activities that were being performed at assorted degrees in different sections of the university. This polish will be done by taking in head all of the accrued users suggestions and from the experience of the all of the involved entities. In this EMIS, a new service bed has been added that corresponds to the extraction of all of the related derived information. This information is peculiarly designed to back up university direction at several degrees. 2.5.2 COMSATS University Online System ( CU-Online ) In order to acquire the advantage of the maximal possible ICT use, COMSATS IIT, Pakistan has developed an automated educational direction system which is normally known as CU-Online ( Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000 ) . This system has been developed to make an integrated educational system. This system aims to keep all of the information related to the pupils, ease the employees to entree all of the resources related to the course of study that can assist them in lesson planning, scrutiny conductivity, consequences describing and pull offing all of the other pupils and instructors histories. This system has the capableness to describe and analyse different informations and information for the single users and corporate users that can assist them at all degrees to acquire a broader image of the whole educational institute and system. This system has been developed with the purpose to supply user connectivity everyplace all times as a pure web based application. It provides academic, transa ctional and administrative entree to all its users which consequences in development of the collaborative campus. In CU-Online system there are four chief constituents that constitute its environment ( Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000 ) . They are: Datas Student/Parent Management, module, staff Hardware In this EMIS system, there are assorted stakeholders like module, parents and pupils and direction and staff. Faculty needs this system to be after their lessons and course of study, for progress study and category appraisal. This is a tool by which module can communication with parents and pupils. It besides reports the advancement towards pupil s ends. This EMIS enables the parents and pupils to maintain a cheque of the advancement studies, work assignments. They can besides look into their work assignments and advancement towards their graduation demands. Management and staff usage this system to accomplish all of the staff and pupil information ( Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000 ) . This system has faculties for admittance, pupil information system, library, human resource direction, class portal, stock list and hardware monitoring and for fee and histories. In COMSATS IIT, the debut of ICTs non merely automates all of the sections but besides facilitates all of the involved entities in the university. Students are acquiring quality instruction and they are required many facilitations in different facets. In order to gain good name to university, direction is required to follow quality process and must guarantee quality at all degree of direction. While in a university, pupils can come across many different processs and jobs so this system must ease them in every facet so that they can merely concentrate on their surveies. Similarly staff and module members must avoid all of the cumbersome processs and must merely execute their needed responsibilities ( Iqbal Saadat et all, 2000 ) . All of such installations must make to the users with easiness on their desktops.

Case Study on the Murder of Bridgett Frisbie

Case Study on the Murder of Bridgett Frisbie Bridgett Frisbie was 17 years old and  in her junior year at Raines High School in Katy, Texas, when she was lured into a wooded area in northwest Harris County and murdered by a close friend and schoolmate. According to authorities, near midnight on April 3, 2011, Bridgett Frisbie snuck out of her house to meet up with friends and was walking down the street when she was spotted by Alan Perez and Alex Olivieri who were out looking for her in Olivieris Chevrolet Suburban. The two men had preplanned to rough her (Frisbie) up that night and had prepared accordingly. Both the men were armed with pistols and Perez was dressed in all black and had a black face mask. When the men spotted Frisbie, Perez hid in the back seat of the car under a pile of blankets, as per their plan. A Threat to His Future Frisbie and Olivieri were good friends, so she had no reason not to accept a ride from him that night. Prosecutors believe that she did not realize the degree of anger Olivieri felt towards her because of a previous incident she had witnessed and was talking about with friends at school. Some weeks before, as a favor to Frisbie, Olivieri allegedly did a drive-by shooting at her ex-boyfriend’s house with his Yugo semiautomatic rifle. According to Perez, Olivieri told him that Frisbie was driving while he sprayed her ex-boyfriends home with bullets. He said Olivieri was worried that, if he was arrested for the shooting, it would hurt his future plans of having a career in the Army. The Murder With Frisbie in the Suburban and Perez hiding undetected in the back seat, Olivieri drove to a wooded area under the false pretense of needing to get something he had buried. Carrying a shovel, he and Frisbie walked into the woods. Perez followed the two from a distance and watched as Olivieri placed his hand on Frisbies back, then he pulled out his gun and  shot her in the back of the neck, killing her instantly. At around 3 a.m. Perez and Olivieri drove to downtown Houston to pick up Frisbies boyfriend, Zacharia Richards, from the Greyhound bus station. According to Perez, meeting Richards in Houston was going to part of the pairs alibi if questioned. On April 3, 2011, the body of Bridgette Frisbee was discovered in the wooded area by a group of children who were out riding dirt bikes. A search of the area turned up one 9 mm shell casing in the vicinity of Frisbies body. When the news of the murder was released, Olivieri text-messaged Perez and pretended to be informing him that their friend had been found dead. Confession for Immunity A few days after the discovery of Frisbies body, Perez, through an attorney, contacted police in regards to information that he had about the murder. Once he was  granted immunity  from prosecution, Perez confessed to what he knew about the murder, including fingering Olivieri as the triggerman. Perez later testified in court that the plan was to rough up Frisbie, but that he did not know of Olivieris plan to murder her and, after the shooting, the two exchanged heated words in the woods. Perez told the court, He came running at me, and I was in shock because he shot her. He described Olivieris attitude after murdering his long-time friend as unrepentant and that he showed no signs of remorse. Perez also admitted to following Olivieris instructions that night, to dress in dark clothing and a full face mask, to bring a firearm, and to hide under a stack of blankets in the back of the Chevrolet Suburban. Alexander Olivieri was found guilty of first-degree murder and was sentenced to 60 years in prison. It took the jury just under four hours to decide on Olivieris sentence. Bridgette Frisbie Bridgetts father Bob Frisbie, who adopted her when she was a toddler, described his daughter as being sometimes rebellious, but that she had  been through a lot in her short life, including the loss of her adoptive mother due to illness. He said that what he saw when he looked at his daughter was a fun-spirited 17-year-old who loved poetry and drawing and was a loving daughter. Olivieris Appeal Olivieris sentence was appealed due to three issues, outlined below from court papers filed by his defense attorneys: Issue One:  The trial court committed reversible error in denying defense counsels request to instruct the jury that Alan Perez was an accomplice witness as a matter of law. According to his attorney, by Perezs own testimony, he had entered into a conspiracy to commit a felony, which resulted in the complainants death. If Perezs testimony is taken as true, then there is no question he engaged in criminal conduct for which he could have been charged had he not been granted immunity. Perez was, therefore, an accomplice as a matter of law. Issue Two:  Insufficient evidence was presented to corroborate the testimony of Alan Perez, an accomplice witness. Olivieris attorney argued that corroboration of an accomplice witnesss testimony requires evidence that tends to link the accused with the crime committed. None of the evidence presented at trial tends to link Olivieri to the murder of the complainant for purposes of corroborating Perezs testimony. Issue Three:  The consent to search provided to law enforcement by Samuel Olivieri was not given voluntarily and was therefore invalid. According to the appeal,  police did not have a warrant  to search the Suburban driven by Olivieri, despite prior knowledge gleaned from Perez that it may contain evidence. As a way around the warrant requirement, police sought and received the consent of Olivieri s father to search the vehicle. The consent by Olivieris father was involuntary, as he was not aware that he had a right to refuse to give consent, had been subjected to a coercive show of authority by law enforcement, and was operating with less than full mental faculties after being awoken at 2 a.m. by police. The Court of Appeals for the First District of Texas overruled the three arguments and voted to uphold the trial court’s judgment. Alex Olivieri is currently housed at the Connally (CY) Correctional Institution in  Kenedy, Texas. His projected release date is November 2071. He will be 79 years old.

Drama Susan Glaspells Trifles

Drama Susan Glaspells Trifles The storyline of the play Trifle’s by Susan Glaspell revolves around resolving a murder mystery. The people involved in this murder case include Mr. and Mrs. Wright, a local advocate, a senior police officer, the Hale’s family and the Sheriff’s wife. Much of the Trifle’s addresses the audience nonverbally, utilizing physical and visual cues, which are characteristic of the play.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drama: Susan Glaspell’s Trifle’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the play, Mr. John Wright and his spouse Minnie Foster are not visibly heard. In this case, their character traits can only be derived from comments made by other characters, coupled with their perceptions. According to Mr. Hale, the main suspect in Mr. Wright’s murder is her widow, Foster Minnie. This is attributed to Minnie’s strange behavior as noticed by Mr. Hale during an impromptu v isit to the Wright’s homestead. The manner in which Minnie discloses the news surrounding her husband’s death, i.e. by putting across arguments that he had been strangled to death is what makes it difficult for him to believe her story. In addition, Minnie does not take the expected step to report the death of her husband to the relevant authorities. Together with Mrs. Peters, the Sherriff‘s wife, Mrs. Hale helps in gathering relevant pieces of evidence linking Minnie to John Wright’s murder. In the play, we also get to know the character traits of the Wright’s from other characters. Mr. Wright is in this case portrayed as a principled man, struggling to provide for his family, just like any other responsible family man. It is this firmness on the part of Mr. Wright that can easily make one draw a conclusion that Mrs. Wright had a difficult time to either control or get along with her late husband, thereby making her contemplate murdering her husban d. On the other hand, Minnie Foster is depicted as a quiet but cheerful lady, who previously took active roles in church activities such as choir. Mrs. Hale attributes the change in the cheerful nature of Mrs. Wright to her dissatisfaction in marriage and her desire to get children of her own. This must have made her suffer from stress and depression, hence making her withdraw from active societal matters. In the play, men are depicted as individuals with less concern on matters directly touching on femininity. This is seen when the Sheriff and the County Attorney concentrate their investigations in searching for evidence in the farmhouse and not the entire home, despite having Minnie Foster as the main suspect.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mrs. Wright is also described as a lady who enjoyed singing prior to her marriage. This probably explains why she had the two bi rds, canaries and the quilt which also liked singing. Despite being perceived as a major source of joy, companionship and inspiration to Mrs. Wright, they may have been regarded as nuisances to Mr. Wright, who is suspected to have killed them. From the evidence piled by Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, the manner in which John Wright had been murdered is quite similar to the manner in which the birds were killed. This makes Minnie Foster a key suspect in the murder case i.e. she might have killed her husband to revenge the loss of her birds. Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale wished to protect Mrs. Wright by trying to conceal some pieces of evidence linking her to her husband’s murder. However, after presenting their hints to the investigators, their views and investigations were ignored by the police, making it more difficult for them to resolve the murder mystery. The end of the play leaves the audience in suspense in that it does not clearly tell us whether Mrs. Wright was actually guilt y for the murder, or whether the two women presented their findings to the officers investigating the crime. This kind of ending is characteristic of most plays in that it enables the audience to draw individual conclusions, depending on their interpretation and understanding of the play’s major themes.

Assignment on Management of Negotiations and Employee Relations Essay

Assignment on Management of Negotiations and Employee Relations - Essay Example Most of the furniture being sold by this company comes from Latin American countries such as Mexico, Central America, South America and the Caribbean. The company is one of the leading suppliers of exotic furniture in the country but it is currently experiencing some problems in terms of supplies. The selection process is almost through and I have been included in the company’s short list of applicants. During the second round of interviews, the human resource manager opened the topic of salary. The company made an offer which, although it is acceptable, it is not really what I have expected. I feel that with my qualifications, I deserve a better pay from the company. Since to my knowledge the company is interested in me and that the company has no rigid â€Å"first offer is the last offer policy†, I embarked into the negotiation process with the end goal of getting better salary and work conditions. When the human resource manager informs me of the company’s offer, I will ask for a little time to consider their offer then I will write a counter offer letter. My negotiation plan will be based on the mix model of negotiation which is creating and claiming value. To implement this negotiation model, I will need to know all the policies of the company regarding the hiring of new employees, the salary ranges and the benefits that they have to offer as well as the present financial status of the company. There is really no point of trying to negotiate something that the company cannot afford thus it is very important to learn more about the company’s financial status when negotiating for salaries. Counter offers are better set in writing so that the other party will know for certain what the stand of the other is. In my counter offer letter, I will express my great interest in working for the firm and how I could be a good asset to the company. I will let the human resource manager know that

Minorities in Management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Minorities in Management - Term Paper Example In most companies, the more shares one has, the control they exert in the management of the organization. As such, they have powers to make decisions, basing on the influence of their large share volumes that protect their interests, even if the said decisions undermine the rights of minority shareholders. Under such leadership, the minority in the organization do not have a say in the management decisions of the company, thereby putting their investments at risk (Collins, Emsell & Haydon, 2011). Corporate governance dictates that an organization should uphold the rights of all the members of their organization. As such, the management team should comprise of all groups and unique members in the organization. Contrary to this, most management teams only consist of majority groups, those who have power, wealth, and influence to control and manipulate managerial decisions for their own personal benefits. For instance, most management teams comprised of only men. The male dominance in s uch organizations denies the female fraternity in the organization their rights and privileges. In addition, this denies these female counterparts freedom to express their rights freely, as well as, the freedom to advance their careers. Such organizations with gender imbalance form the top of the management team also experiences gender related violence and discrimination within the other levels of the organization, all the way to the lower levels (Maume, 2012). However, numerous scholars in the business industry disagree on the idea of the increase of minority managers within the organization, or within an organizational management. In fact, the argument centers around the possibility of whether an increase in minority managers marks a vacuous or real progress in the gains made towards elimination of racial bias within the labor market. In some cases, the minorities in management are those of a different race, or a different social class or social status within the community, these minority managers and supervisors end up holding very mediocre positions in the company. For instance, the minority in management end up getting job assignments that are less challenging. In addition, they hold positions that are most vulnerable to layoffs compared to those from the majority or major groups (Wrench, 2012). However, some majority groups continuously enjoy protection and favoritism in the organization. Bottom-up ascription processes support the fact that, among subordinates, those minority employees working for or reporting to a minority boss earn a lesser amount of cash compared to the workers under a majority manager. This is despite their high level of commitment to their work and responsibilities at their workplace. Eventually, this leads to lower productivity within the organization because the people who work hard the most in the company get the lowest levels or amounts of compensation. The low remuneration level demotivates these workers, especially those repor ting to minority managers. These workers end up in a go slow or any other industrial action in order to express their dissatisfaction. Others even decide to quit their current positions and search for better employment opportunities in order companies (Collins, Emsell & Haydon, 2011). Resignation of employees results in a high rate of workers turnover, which also drops the productivity levels of the organization, as it will spend more replacing the employees and managers who resign. A company

Explain why the historical cost principle is used to account for Essay

Explain why the historical cost principle is used to account for long-lived assets and how the cost basis is determined. Discuss - Essay Example The GAAP mainly relies on consistency of data conveyed by business financial records. Since historical methods does not depend on the speculated market prices, rather a real transaction that occurred, the cost is regarded as most reliable. For this reason, the historical cost principle is best used for reporting long-lived assets. It is the best method for reporting assets whose disposal may not be done in the near future. Examples of these assets include land, buildings, fixture, equipment and natural resources such as mineral deposits, oil wells and timber tracks. Under the historical cost principle, assets are recorded at acquisition cost as indicated on the balance sheet. In accounting for purchases of long-term assets, interest expense is subtracted from the original cost or cost of acquisition. The book value of long-term assets can be calculated by getting the accumulated depreciation subtracted from acquisition cost. To estimate an asset’s useful life, important variab les such as acquisition cost, depreciation expense per year and salvage value should be determined. The following methods are used to estimate asset’s useful life; straight-line depreciation method, production method and double (declining) methods. Useful life can then be calculated as follows: Asset impairment Asset impairment refers to an abrupt deterioration in the usefulness of a long-term asset often caused by damage effects on the asset, obsolescence due to the ever-changing technology or a change in the county’s laws prohibiting the use of an asset. It occurs when the future benefit of an asset known as market value is below the recorded book value (cost-accumulated depreciation). When impairment occurs, the current market value of the asset should be written down and a loss recognized. First, long-lived assets are selected for purposes of performing impairment testing as well as establishing the net book value. Secondly, determine the level of impairment by fin ding the total undiscounted cash flows expected from the selected assets. The net book and the undiscounted cash flow figures are then compared with intent of establishing which of the values have higher figures. If the net book value is higher than the undiscounted cash flow value, then the amount of variance is determined and recorded. Common Asset Depreciation Methods Depreciation refers to two main concepts; i. Diminished value of assets also called fair value This principle or concept has an impact on the balance sheet of a firm or a business entity. ii. Depreciation with corresponding principle, which is the allocation of the asset cost to periods upon which that particular asset is in use. This affects the net gain of reported assets. It is worth noting that when computing depreciation using a particular method, the cost of an asset is allocated to that period the use of an asset covers or is used. The expense is vital for purposes of financial reporting and taxation. In choo sing a suitable method of computing depreciation, value of assets, the type and periods upon which the asset is used is important. These computing methods are specified in laws and statutes or accounting standards that vary from one country to another. It is important to note that some depreciation computing methods exists, but the common methods include; fixed percentage depreciation method, straight-line computing method and declining balance. It is also

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens Literature review

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens - Literature review Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, opportunities to develop cancer treatment demonstrated promising results (Haffner et al., 2001; Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002; Fijak and Meinhardt, 2006; Park, Lin, Nishidate, Nakamura & Katagiri, 2006;   Tabi and Man, 2006;   Ã‚  Hayashi et al., 2007; Meklat et al., 2007; Dakshinamurthy, Ramesar, Goldberg and Blackburn, 2008; Hunder et al., 2008; Old, 2008; Caballero and Chen, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Dubovsky et al., 2009; Fard and Modaressi, 2009; Vujanovic and Butterfield, 2009). Consequently, pioneering research in the search for effective cancer vaccines has produced cancer/testis antigens such as MAGE, GAGE, and NY-ESO-1 which are currently undergoing clinical trials (Mashino et al. 2001; Bowlus, 2007; Gierstoff and Ditzel, 2008). Each year more cancer/testis antigens are being identified, creating more opportunities for research and increasing the chances of developing cancer vaccines that can be used not only for treatments, but for prevention as well (Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002). Also, research on cancer/testis antigens has brought to light important discoveries on how mechanisms of cancer development work at a molecular level (Alters, 2000; Old, 2001; Gjerstoff, Kock, Nielsen and Ditzel, 2007; Delbridge, 2010; Inagaki, Schoenmakers and Baarends, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2010). Moreover, studies on the link between chromosomes and immune responses reveal that some cancers are more prevalent in males than in females. In addition, results also show that females may have higher cancer survival rates but are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases (Libert, Dejager and Pinheiro, 2010). Further research on the role of cancer/testis antigens should be conducted, particularly in determining the mechanisms that initiate cancer in the first place. Also, further studies should be performed to developed better cancer diagnostic methods and combination immunotherapy

E-Recruitment Overview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-Recruitment Overview - Assignment Example It is seen that the Microsoft website is user friendly and has easy navigation. The website portrays the image that the company prefers to work with the jobseekers and only with the capabilities of their employees they have reached this position. Therefore they welcome competent people in their company. Though the Adidas website has a simple front page, yet it is very interactive. For those people who have fast connections, they can see a documentary in which a lady tells about all their expertise, lines of products, and consumer behaviours. For slower connections, there are certain pages that update the applicant about these facilities. Since it does not have an easy navigation, so the site cannot be considered user friendly. It has a moderate impact on the consumers; though people can have maximum knowledge from the website, yet it does not provide enough room to interact with the company. The KPMG website tells more about itself and its working, and hence gives a very rigid impact . It does not facilitate the candidates by showing the latest job openings on the front page and there is no link from where we can provide them with the feedback. This makes the site least friendly from the first page. Rolls Royce’s website has been the site that has given users the maximum chance of knowing the company in a glance. On the front page they have given the product lines, job hunt segregation and place to contact them. They have also used other small tabs through which the applicant can interact with the company. These elements make the navigation on the website much easy. It also shows that the company likes to facilitate the employees as much as possible. How the website/s attempt to set expectations related to... The assignment "E-Recruitment Overview" talks about the usage of the Internet in the placement of personnel and how new technologies change this sector. Due to efficient, fast and cost-effective nature of advertising, e-recruitment has taken an important role. Internationally the recruitment landscape has significantly changed in the recent past. Increasing skill shortages and low levels of unemployment in many domains have increased the competition in hiring the best person. Due to increased competition in the recruitment market, the organizations are tending to spend more efforts, time and resources in increasing the range of online and traditional advertising methods. The basic use of the internet and internet technology is transforming, and to some extent revolutionizing the ways in which human resource departments recruit job candidates. In the recent years, due to the internet, the recruitment process has undergone a dramatic transformation. In the current global economic recession, electronic recruitment helps to change the general perspective of the recruitment by offering highly needed cost-effective means of hiring. For the wide range of organizations throughout the world, e-recruitment has now become a significant part of the recruitment strategy. Not only this, it has progressively become a popular method for the job seekers in searching and applying for the jobs. This tool is more effective for the larger companies as the large firms are more known to the job seekers, thus the number of applicants is higher here.

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens Literature review

Identification of novel human cancer-specific antigens - Literature review Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, opportunities to develop cancer treatment demonstrated promising results (Haffner et al., 2001; Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002; Fijak and Meinhardt, 2006; Park, Lin, Nishidate, Nakamura & Katagiri, 2006;   Tabi and Man, 2006;   Ã‚  Hayashi et al., 2007; Meklat et al., 2007; Dakshinamurthy, Ramesar, Goldberg and Blackburn, 2008; Hunder et al., 2008; Old, 2008; Caballero and Chen, 2009; Chen et al., 2009; Dubovsky et al., 2009; Fard and Modaressi, 2009; Vujanovic and Butterfield, 2009). Consequently, pioneering research in the search for effective cancer vaccines has produced cancer/testis antigens such as MAGE, GAGE, and NY-ESO-1 which are currently undergoing clinical trials (Mashino et al. 2001; Bowlus, 2007; Gierstoff and Ditzel, 2008). Each year more cancer/testis antigens are being identified, creating more opportunities for research and increasing the chances of developing cancer vaccines that can be used not only for treatments, but for prevention as well (Jager, Jager, and Knuth, 2002). Also, research on cancer/testis antigens has brought to light important discoveries on how mechanisms of cancer development work at a molecular level (Alters, 2000; Old, 2001; Gjerstoff, Kock, Nielsen and Ditzel, 2007; Delbridge, 2010; Inagaki, Schoenmakers and Baarends, 2010; Suzuki et al., 2010). Moreover, studies on the link between chromosomes and immune responses reveal that some cancers are more prevalent in males than in females. In addition, results also show that females may have higher cancer survival rates but are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases (Libert, Dejager and Pinheiro, 2010). Further research on the role of cancer/testis antigens should be conducted, particularly in determining the mechanisms that initiate cancer in the first place. Also, further studies should be performed to developed better cancer diagnostic methods and combination immunotherapy

Writing Workshop Theorists and Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing Workshop Theorists and Overview - Essay Example For an effective achievement of writing workshop, it must have mini-lessons running for 5-10 minutes; where students get enlighten on common experiences and ideas in writing. Independent writing follows, a stage, which students reveal their capacities in writing while following guidelines given. Another component of a writing workshop is conferencing during independent writing with students and teachers. Sharing follows a stage that allows students to identify different mistakes while also learning from their counterparts. It is in this regards that a total workshop time should be 30-50 minutes. The success of the writing gets attributed to various workshop theorists including Nancy Atwell who is the most respected educator in USA. Her work in writing and reading workshops has inspired many generations of students. She has enabled students to adopt various qualities such as being independent as well as sophisticated writers (Atwell, 2002). Among the books, she has authored include fi rst hand lessons, which change writing techniques among various writers just by reading various articles from Nancie’s file cabinets. She propels the momentum is students mainly through seventh and eighth grade writing as well as history of teaching and learning. Lucy Calkins is another writing guru, who has authored many writing materials. Common core reading and writing, for instance, is one of her books and companion resources, which keep the fire of writing burning. Donald Graves is also a writing expert who revolutionalised the writing arena in many ways (Fletcher and JoAnn, 2001). He carried out widespread research in different languages making various publications. Writing teachers and children is a book he authored in 1983 which gave various ways writing should follow. Also in the list of prominent writers, is also Regi Routman who is in memory for having intimate knowledge of teaching and writing. She provided many helpful tactics for learning English including teach ing, reading and writing essentials as well as how to solve various writing dilemmas. She has helped the writing arena through widespread research bring into practice various teaching essentials. Consequently, she has held varied workshops to strengthen, and coach writing in schools including Heinemann professional Development consortium, where she demonstrated exemplary grasp of workshop writing. Last but importantly among the experts of workshop, writing is Dorothy Strickland. She has authored many books and held many conferences in writing making her, a prominent workshop skill source. Her book, beginning reading and writing; for instance, offers ground braking knowledge to workshop skills (Fletcher and JoAnn, 2001). Research proves that writing workshops allows students chose their writing, work on their own and find their voice. For flexibility, a writing workshop should have a predictable future, regular time and favorable atmosphere. These are conditions, which pose a challen ge to teachers and students. This is because they cannot make head or tail of the tin box atmosphere in writing. This is a statement, which means writing workshops should have standards similar to a work place in the real world. Students must respect and gain professionalism as well as a workmanlike atmosphere for real writing (Atwell, 2002). This is an atmosphere where explicit routines and set rules of writing get followed for successful writing. Consequently, students must have all writing requirements including pencils, notebooks, pens, highlighters as well as any relevant material for writing. Last but importantly a writing workshop must have a regular schedule, which enable students develop habits, which allow them work independently, while taking responsibility

Fast-Food Gone Bad Essay Example for Free

Fast-Food Gone Bad Essay An argument is an implicit dialogue that has importance to appeals. This is done by using different elements of an argument, in which the different parts are the claim (or thesis), the support, the evidence, the warrant, the appeals to the audience, and the counter argument that is being used in the scenario. In this essay that Michele Simon has wrote she examines the unhealthy choices of the some restaurants and explains on how they’re misleading the healthy people in the World. In Michele Simon’s â€Å"Even the ‘Healthy’ Choices at Fast Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy†, uses all of the parts and the elements of an argument in her essay. The first statement that Simon makes is â€Å"In response to sharpening criticism from nutrition advocates, fast-food franchises have added supposedly ‘healthy’ options to their menus† (Simon 473). This would be Simon’s claim, which would be the thesis statement of her argument. This is what the author or the person who wrote the situation is trying to tell you what they’re trying to answer or trying to prove in their argument. Arguments typically have three types of claims; claim of fact, claim of value, and claim of policy. In Simon’s argument her thesis is a claim of policy because she is trying to make a solution to figure out there problem and make it better so there can be something done about this or try to make better. We know there are many problems with fast food and Simon proves her argument by going on and saying different reasons for why this is true in her essay. The warrant is a belief or principle that can be assumed based on the argument. The warrant is never stated in great detail, and it must be drawn from statements made by the arguer. While it is not said by Simon her warrant is still clear and well understood. In Simon’s argument as implies that fast-food restaurants are not committed to the well being of their patrons (Simon). Also it is said that Simon thinks that fast-food restaurants are misleading to consumers who are trying to eat healthy. This also warrants that menu items are misleading and sometimes confusing for the consumer that is buying the product. The consumer could think that they were getting something healthier then a cheeseburger, but in all truth it’s actually worse than that cheeseburger. She must appeal to her audience in order to win the argument, by saying that a majority of fast-food restaurants are not telling the truth about their menu items and that there not healthy. The evidence is used to give strength to the argument and to prove the support for the claim. Many forms of evidence are found in examples, statistics, and expert is brought in to give valuable feedback on the argument. Simon provides many forms of evidence to back up her claim that she has possessed. In her first form of evidence she implies â€Å"The new Happy Meal option, which includes a sugar-loaded caramel dipping sauce† (Simon 473). She is implying that this idea is not much better then French fries because the caramel dipping sauce is full of sugar. Simon’s next problem was that she mentions â€Å"instead of a coke, kids can now have apple juice or milk† (Simon 475). This evidence Simon is trying to say that the apple juice and milk is still full of sugars and it’s still not good for your children. The next support of evidence for her claim is that she implies that â€Å"calling the chicken ‘crispy’ instead of fried is misleading† (Simon 474). She mentions that because if a person hears this that would automatically think that this is healthy salad. She is implying that is should just be called fried because so many people could get this confused. The logos support and evidence has support from multiple studies with facts and stats, given as evidence. Ethos supports from appeals to individuals in dealing with menu items and the choices on it. Pathos is used throughout her essay by giving thought to how unhealthy fast-food is. She mentions that â€Å"For a toddler who needs 1,000 calories per day, a Happy Meal consisting of four Chicken McNuggets, small French fries, and a low-fat chocolate milk totals 580 calories, or more than half of a child’s daily recommended calorie intake† (Simon 475). Simon is saying that no matter what you’re getting at a fast-food restaurant it’s going to be unhealthy for you, and your children. The counter argument Simon takes into consideration the argument opposing her claim, Simon doesn’t spend much time about a counter argument, but it is addressed in her essay. Simon grants â€Å"Go Active! Adult Happy Meal† (Simon 476). Which fell through and done away with because it didn’t work. Simon points out â€Å"In 2004 Ruby Tuesday reduced some portion sizes and added healthier items† (Simon 476). Another thing that Simon points out that was that â€Å"Wendy’s garnered great press in February 2005 for its ‘bold’ decision to add fresh fruit to its menu† (Simon 476). Simon has all of these examples for the counter argument that the fast-food industry is getting somewhat better. In conclusion there are many parts of an argument, and Simon uses all of these parts to successfully get her argument across effectively. She makes her claim, and then backs it up with the right support and to make his claim even stronger. Then she successfully gets the warrant across which has great appeal to the audience and is needed to make the claim that much stronger. Then finally Simon uses her counter argument to address to her audience what has been happening in the years past to try and fix the problem. Works Cited Simon, Michele. Even the Healthy Choices at Fast-Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy. . 473-75. Print. Excerpt from The Purposeful Argument: A Practical Guide. Boston: Patricia Bostian, 2006. N. pag.

Amazon SWOT Analysis

Amazon SWOT Analysis Amazon is an american electronic commerce company that has become an icon of internet business. Jeff bozos founded the company in 1994 and launched it online in 1995 as an online bookstore. However, the logo soon became symbolic as they started to sell everything from a to z. Time magazine names bezos 1999 person of the year and said, bezos vision of the online retailing universe was so complete, his amazon.com site so elegant and appealing that it became from day one the point of reference for anyone who had anything to sell online. In 2001, amazon.com reported a fiscal loss and over a couple of years they laid off over 1000 workers. But, this set back did not discourage bezos instead he came up with the idea of joining forces with other retailers to sell their products online through amazon.com. So, through hard work and determination bezos has been able to turn the simple online bookstore from its early beginnings into the global phenomenon that is amazon.com. INTRODUCTION OF AMAZON:, Amazon is one of the largest internet retailing company in the world, that sells from books to electronics to potential buyers from all over the country, it is well known to have cheaper prices for their items, and having great expertise in making sure their customers needs are met at all times (Amazon, 1996-2010) Amazon has been in business for so many years to where they will not be undersold to any other company that are trying to compete with them. The products are displayed with great advertising publish with using the press release, competent customers who will invest their products to be displayed through amazon to make money, and great policies that show lower rates, When the customer is needing for their product to shipped to them (amazon, 1996-2010). Amazon has always kept their prices to a minimum, to where most customers will use Them around the holidays, to have the products sent to their families that live in further Countries. There have been customers that apply for a career at amazon, making money Just sitting at home, waiting for potential buyers to show interest in wanting a great Quality product that they would not find cheaper at any other retail store, such as target, Sears, and toys R us (amazon, 1996-2010). Amazon has a type of behavior that it shows customer satisfaction as being no.1, that if a product is defected, it would not cost anything to have it sent back to them. The product will be returned with one that is new and will have warranty. SWOT ANALYSIS:, Amazon.com has become the king of its own private little industry. The only problem with being the king is that everyone wants your throne. While Amazon.com has many strengths and opportunities it has threats and weaknesses, too. STRENGTHS: Well established web brand Loyal customers base of over 12million shoppers Distribution facilities to handle growth and fulfillment Leader in use of technology to delivery targeted content Excellent offline customer service Amazon has moved away from being a low price supplier of books toward a focus on delivering outstanding service at a price, WEAKNESSES: Too much diversity in their product line and Amazon.com could risk damaging its brand name. There is the potential for confusing their clients Shipping costs could be a deciding factor on whether a customer buys from Amazon.com or goes to a traditional store. More online retailers are offering free or discounted shipping and some, such as Wal-Mart, offer site-to-store free shipping. Need to restructure business to drive toward profitability has meant upward pressure on prices No offline brand presence Insufficient community added value No telephone support OPPORTUNITIES:, Opportunity to establish itself as a global mass merchant leader in the online shopping arena Building community events around the brand would help create brand affinity as well as loyalty Establish 247 hour telephone support for customers and order processing Frequent shopper discounts will increase retention and repeat purchases Further offline partnerships can potentially help Amazon by allowing customers to return products offline stores. Amazon has an opportunity to Create a higher international market segment. Also can make Strategic alliances with companies. THREATS:, Competitors such as Barnes and Noble, eBay.com, and half.com. Book publishing companies could start up own website and get rid of the middleman companies The continuous changing of trends in the marketplace. Amazons lack in-depth community leaves it exposed to customer being attracted to competitors with more in-depth content. AMAZON.COM KEY SUCCESS STRATEGIES:, CONTINOUS INNOVATION The areas of innovation shown by amazon was the use of collaborative filter technologies which allows customers to evaluate books on a one to five star rating system and browsers can rate which reviews are helpful and which are not. The site offers peep into books contents index and beginning pages with a search inside the book feature that allows customers search the entire text of 120 000 books- about as many times as are in Barnes Nobles bookstore. Amazons .com one click shopping lets buyers make purchase with one click. Another innovation is the syndicated selling networks. Through this network or association, amazon.com has a cross product programme that enables those who visit those associate sites to purchase several titles across multiples product lines, from single source. In addition, almost all web search engines are members of the associate programme with hotlinks on the entry of every research page, its like amazom.com has a store on every major mall around the wall, i.e. clever advertising Amazon .com has also established itself as an electronic market place enabling merchants of all kinds to sell items on amazon.com. It powers and operates retail websites for Target, the NBA, Timex, Marks and Spencer. Amazon.com cards offers every visitor the ability to send free cards to friends from its web site, these creates an opportunity to set new customers as well as keep current customer happy, because the recipients of the those cards must visit Amazons website to view the personalized messages. VALUE ADDED SERVICE TO CUSTOMERS In a competitive environment, amazon.com has scaled through as a firm with the offer of value added service as its competitive advantage which includes courteous, personalised customer services. Amazon.com personalised the storefronts for each customer by providing more useful information and more choices that could not be found in neighbourhood bookstore. This Allows customers communication flows, information site on products, quality, praise, complaints, rating, featuring, description, reviews, comparison, discussion, problem report, information statistics, ranking prices, discount, e.t.c thereby building its customer relationship management (CRM). Through this (CRM) Amazon were able to record customers reading habits, buying habits and buying trend, which allows Amzon.com to offer different promotion and selling strategies tailored to meet customers demand and needs. Amazons diversification into other types of services (music, video, home improvement and auction) also enhances their competitive advantage because all other services links back to them faster than their competitors can duplicate. Amazon.com offers services beyond discount, for example; the ability of the site to allow students search book of related topics for their projects, search for books in foreign languages or out-of-print, provides information about its products editorial contents in the form of reviews, interviews, excerpts, purchases, circles and related recommendation made for deeper exploration of the site, provide information for those who cant remember a book or video or are looking for a sound bit , but dont remember exactly what they want. UNBEATBLE LOGISTICS Amazon.com offering for fast, inexpensive shipping has helped the firm to overcome the lag between purchase and delivery of a product. For a $79 annual fee, Amazon.com prime offers unlimited free express shipping for most items. At amzon.com customers orders are handled in-house and to achieve this they established distribution centres and each distribution centre is equipped with the latest material-handling equipment technology. For instance, each distribution centre has a pick-to-light system which uses a terminal display mechanism to guide a worker through the picking and packing process; frequency technology is used to direct workers to warehouse locations with a radio signal, and voice technologies which allows computers to communicate instructions to workers. 2. Current Strategic Situation Amazons mains resources and capabilities: , The presence of strong as well as effective leadership in todays organization imposes a great responsibility to the organizations team and management networks as leadership implies the overall capacity of the organizations performance like for instance, in terms of operations and research development. It can be said that Amazons resources and capabilities can be divided in the management of the company specifically their leader which is Bezos, the ability of the management to effectively use strategic supply chain management and aligning it with their business process and information technology, their competitive advantage in the online market, and the financial resources that it gains through its successful approaches. There are various resources in the enterprises such as human resources and customer resources. First of all, concerning human resources, AMAZON COMPETITORS: , Amazon.com has major competition including such well known business as below Ebay.com EBay is Amazon.coms prime competition for its online auction services .Ebay.com is also on the Internet and it is much larger than Amazon.com and offers live auctions and bidding for customers. Amazon and eBay all provide generally similar information, but additional information is provided based on the companys primary of sales method. Customer product reviews are one piece of extremely valuable data for making purchases that is provided by all three companies. One difference is that since Best Buy is a retailer that primarily focuses on driving sales through physical stores and they have a place where customers can go to physically touch and feel their products, they have the ability to provide information that is less extensive on their website Barnes Noble.com Is an internet commerce branch of Barnes Noble Inc. which includes physical bookstores that have been designed with comfort and convenience. It receives more than six million unique visitors per month to its Web site, www.bn.com. It is perhaps their largest competitor. Barnes and Nobles and Amazon.com are competing, but both stores and other online stores recognize what works and are studying one another often duplicating one anothers business strategies. This has resulted in them having more similarities than differences and it helps the consumers find similarities across the Web such as; When a description of an item is given, Amazon and Barnes and Nobles both place the shopping cart option prominently displayed to the upper, right portion of the screen. This makes it very efficient and useable for the viewer and they do not have to search around the page for this button. (Clementina Imobhio May 5, 2001) In pricing, both Amazon.com and Barnesandnobles.com display the average price for their items above their own discounted rates so that the users feel as though they are saving money. (Clementina Imobhio May 5, 2001) Both sites are Flexible, there is an option of buying things at a later date and placing them in the shopping cart temporarily. This option is called the wish list and it is displayed just beneath the Add to Cart button. Users can access this saved information and access it on their next visit. (Clementina Imobhio May 5, 2001) Both sites offer Security that provides safe shopping, privacy and efficiency by requiring customers to join as members at a certain point during a transaction. Membership is free and requires an email address, full name, home address and phone number. It allowing customers to maintain an order status and helps provide a history of what they bought. (Clementina Imobhio May 5, 2001) C) Wal-Mart.com Wal-Mart has experienced success internationally because of its ability to transport the companys unique culture and effective retailing concepts to each new country. They respond to customer needs, merchandise preferences and local suppliers. Business strategies that have helped Amazon.com to enhance its competitive advantage are The first strategy, cost-leadership is pursued by Amazon.com by differentiating itself primarily on the basis of price. Due to this strategy, Amazon.com always makes sure that it offers the same quality products as other companies for a considerably less price. Its third strategy is long-tail, Amazon only started the online retail business with books, but now it sells everything from toys to books and is looking in future to sell more and more products. Unlike its competitor Amazon.com didnt maintain huge inventories of books; it relied on wholesalers to supply books on time. The most obvious benefit of this just-in-time procurement system was that it multiplied inventory turns and reduced working capital requirements. Amazon saved money on everything except people and computers. Amazons investment in computer technology was focused on software rather than hardware. In that sense Amazon.coms business strategy involved maintaining Unique resources, its people. Amazon did more than just sell books; It also provided a range of services including information about books: interviews with authors, book reviews and recommendations from other customers and media, links to other sites, new release information and more. Stakeholder Analysis: . A) . Government Agencies The Federal Communications Commission, is a commission that defines the broadband to meet customer broad communication needs and desires. B. Labor Unions Since Amazon is an online buying center, there are no labor unions. These unions exist when there are enough in center employees to need protection as an employee. C. Completing Organizations In the technical products and systems market, competitors are looking towards opportunities to get ahead of others. The best thing for Amazon is to push forward ahead of the competition because of their diverse background and continue their surge for new customers. D. Employees Failure to remain competitive will affect the employees. The president is about making cost cuts to improve profits which in turn will cut the salary of current employees. Layoffs are the first method most often in making cost cuts. E. Suppliers The suppliers for this company include the sellers that offer their personal products for sale, as well as the partnerships Amazon formed. F. Customers Amazon.com caters to people of all ages and discretions. These customers include seniors, baby boomers, generation X, and generation Y. Each group have a percentage in the population of customers with tastes for different products 3. Strategic Direction for the future Strategic Management The main area we will look at is Amazons strategic management capabilities, we will look at the External factors that have influenced Amazons stratgey and the Opportunities and Threats this industru poses. We will also look at the strengths and weakenesses that Amazon have to address these threats and take advantage of the opportunites presented to them Firstly it is necessary to conduct an external analysis of the environmnet that may have influenced amazons strategic management decision. We will look at the PEST analysis model that may have influenced Amazons strategic planning. The main two external factors that influenced amazons strategies were Political These factors address legal issues such as trading laws etc. The low sales tax in seattle was one of the factors that encouraged Amazon to set up their first distribution center Technological Factors Introduction of new technology can create new markets. The main reason for Amazon setting up an online store was the growth in the use of the world wide web technologies and their ability to offer a flexible service online. Ansoff matrix: Amazon seem to have chosen two of the four growth strategies: 1. Market Development Â- through the opening of distribution centers and the launching of websites in the UK and Germany Amazon offered their existing goods and sevices for sale in new markets. 2. Product Development Â- through the acquisition of several online companies such as pets.com and drugstore.com Amazon could offer new products for sale in their existing market Based on these strategies the following mission statement has been formulated: Our vision remians being the Earths most customer centric company, the best place for customers to find and discover anything they want to buy online In addition Amazon wish to achineve the objective to become the best place to buy, find and discover anut product of service available online. In line with this and the growth strategies adopted to do this Amazon will continue to enhance and broaden its brand, customer base and eCommerce expertise Recommended Solution Implementation Technology Integration and RD Amazon.com should increase expenditure in the research and development arena. We believe that Amazon should prepare itself for additional telecommunications implementations such as high speed internet and network security. These types of implementation, though representative of considerable RD costs, are probably most significant factors that etailers must prepare for near future. As users, connections increase in speed, any delays on the part of the etailer they are connecting to will become obvious and less tolerable. Amazon can stay ahead of the pack by preparing a unique and comfortable interface for the users. Strategic Cost Analysis Amazon.com should also use Strategic cost analysis process where identify the firms value chain, diagnose the key elements that drive the costs of each value activity, identify competitors value chains, develop a strategy to lower relative costs by controlling cost drivers, ensure that any cost reduction does not erode differentiation in service and test the cost reductions if its sustainable in the end of the analysis. Differentiation They should also consider by costs by determining Differentiation where the process goes as determine who the real buyer is, identify buyers value chain and put in rank order the buyers reason to purchase, asses the current potential sources of diffentiation, identify the cost of these resources, design a value chain to maximize value relative costs, test for sustainiablity and reduce costs in activities that do not affect the chosen forms of differentiation. Inventory; There are programs built to be extremely user-friendly, and most offer great support along the way of usage for online businesses to maintain the book database. Amazon should invest in software to best highlight and maintain the data on the site and importantly back up systems. Keep inventory accurate and up to date; This is also an important aspect that Amazon can out beat its competitors with as this is first step towards building a long-term relationship with that customer. Inventory of the books stock-out and sold out will be kept up to date on the site. Visionary Informative A picture is worth a thousand words; Uploading pictures by decreasing explanations or descriptions could attract customers attraction and curiosity in exploring the book. Somehow it boosts up sales compared to other online booksellers who give attention in words. Product Review Information; In case of books, editorial reviews are provided by the company and it applies for all books. Customers can also rate each others review. A rating is placed against each review so that customers can decide whether to read or not based on that. Most online booksellers do not include this but they display the customers satisfaction on the delivery service provided by them which is less important to boost up sales. People out there want to pay you for your books; Amazon should use own merchant service account or a service offered by a listing site, make sure that customers can buy books quickly and painlessly with a credit card while you have them on the brink of finalizing said purchase. Dont judge a book by its cover; First impressions are lasting impressions. When a customer receives the book theyve ordered, make sure the first thing they see is a product and package that you are proud to have supplied by using use clean, new boxes without writing (or envelopes for low-cost paperbacks) for shipments. Customers will be expecting an excellent service but if its vice versa then they are chances for them to switch to other online retailers. Keep customers in the loop on everything; Amazon should update the status of order to customers on the order made and also keep them in loop by e-mail the listing service directly with questions about their orders and keep updating the latest events and new stocks of books through emails. Shipping Delivery Follow-up; After shipping out an item to the customer, Amazon should send them an e-mail a day or two after expecting that theyll receive their package, asking them if theyve received it and are satisfied, and reminding them that there customer rep are there to help should they have any questions about their order. This is also a great time to remind them that you have similar items in stock or to offer them a coupon towards future purchases. Expansion to Asia Region Amazon should strive to expand its expertise to Asia region as well as high potentials are there which huge population. Education is becoming one important aspect in Asia and lack of important reference books are always a problem in many parts of Asia. It should diversify its marketing capability in Asia too to capture the market. Amazon is very less popular in Asia regions. Amazon.com should take Asia to consider for its business expansion. Amazon could also diversify its marketing and research ability to expand mostly to the developed countries of other territory. In order to grow big and always sustain in the market and competition, Amazon should takes this sort of steps to expand. International Sites; Amazon.com has got an added advantage of international sites on Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France and China. All about what the customers have to do to browse the site with their language is by clicking to their national site. For example, if you clink Japan, immediately the whole website will change its descriptions and instructions into Japanese language. This is not at all applicable for a customer in Malaysia or any other regions of Asia. It should expand and add more languages options in its site to accumulate its customers. Giving customers what they want is also one strategy not all online business can do but if this can be proven in Amazons case then it have all the potential to be the one. Word-of mouth advertisement Amazon also should increase its word-of mouth advertisement. This might seem odd for an industry leader to rely upon such a quaint tactics as this, but we truly believe that in the world of Internet this is a powerful tool. We are quick to visit sites that our friends identify as being fabulous, and Amazon might capitalize on this by rewarding its customers who can reel in a new prospects. Expand the product lines Amazon should expand its product lines. Givens Amazons vision and its unique position in the etailer industry, the cost associated with entering new markets is significantly lower than that of its competitors. There is no reasons to let this advantage slip away unused. Conclusion In order to stay focus on business Amazon.com has various ways and strategies that can be implemented with proper organizations communication networks. Financial reports should be reviewed annually and quarterly if necessary to come up with decisions whether to boost up sales or to maintain on a certain criteria for the wellness of business. Amazon.com also should have a frequent customer feedback program where they could exchange view on the services and products most desired to be acquired online by customers. Top level management meetings should be initiated to assure goals are achieved. A proper corrective action should be determined after the first year if annual objectives werent accomplished. 3) Recommendations 1. Develop and implement a B2B exchange for suppliers manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to use. Because the largest percentage of e-commerce sales resulted from transactions conducted on B2B exchanges, this opened up a large potential market for Amazon.com to expand into. The benefit of this alternative was that Amazon.com could easily market this service to its large number of affiliates and partners that it conducted business with. 2. Amazon should expand its online auctions. Amazon has a need for an intermediary in transactions and would be able to market this additional service to both current customer base and use of personalized emails to new customers through advertising campaign. The benefit of this alternative is that Amazon.com would be expanding on an existing service offering and would not incur any developmental or startup expenses. This would work because of the prior experience of Amazon in expanding and marketing other product lines and services. 3. Develop an effective differentiating enterprise wide strategy to survive and prosper over the competition for the long-term future. 4. Amazon should use a web-based model to personalize service. Amazon should attempt to use personalization to build the right store for every customer. Each customer has a web page personalized based on his or her recent purchases. This is the equivalent of having a unique storefront for each customer in hopes of drawing in as many return customers as possible. 5. Increase advertisement to increase brand awareness. Through a general advertising campaign, like television and print ads, Amazon would be able to market their service to current customers and new customers. 6. Create a location where people have access to the internet to do online shopping. This could be in an Amazon location in different cities. The cities could consist of major populated areas to start. If this idea is a success, then they could venture out to under populated areas. Conclusion Amazon.com is a public owned company, which focuses on employees and excellent services. It is team oriented organized by product. Amazons web site offers the ability to present a broad range of merchandise. Well organized and easy to navigate help and FAQ pages make the difference in smooth shopping experience. Building a customer community helps to keep customers coming back to the site. It also helps shoppers identify with the brand. Amazon has built a loyal customer base of millions, thanks to a highly efficient web buying experience and outstanding customer service. With some controlling interest in popular Web sites, word-of-mouth from users, the ease of communication using e-mail and options such as gift certificates, Amazon.com has created one of the most popular home-shopping sites today.